This paper analyzes the socio-political dimensions and contemporary challenges of Tripura’s indigenous communities. It examines historical shifts in land use, demographic changes, and the impact of state and national policies on indigenous livelihoods and identity. The study highlights issues of political representation, including the role of autonomous councils, party politics, and grassroots movements, in shaping indigenous agency. Economic marginalization, resource competition, and infrastructural deficits are identified as key factors influencing socio-political outcomes. Cultural dimensions, such as language preservation, ritual practices, and intergenerational knowledge transfer, are explored to understand strategies of resilience and adaptation. Persistent challenges—displacement, contested land rights, and limited access to services—continue to exacerbate vulnerabilities, while development and integration initiatives have produced uneven results. The paper argues that sustainable progress requires participatory governance, culturally sensitive development planning, and mechanisms that amplify indigenous voices in decision-making. By linking local knowledge systems with inclusive policy frameworks, the study underscores the need for a balanced approach that addresses both development imperatives and cultural preservation.